Abstract

This article presents a simple linear regression between national football team quality and uncertainty of outcome in associated national leagues. The main results indicate no significant causal relationship between the variables, a conclusion somewhat contradictive to many practitioners argument on improving competitive balance in local leagues as a mean of improving national team quality.
Key words: Uncertainty of outcome, FIFA rank, number of teams in league, causality

Abstract

To gain insights on body image (BI) and body satisfaction/dissatisfaction (BS) in high level rugby players, to 47 male athletes aged 23.4 ± 3.54 years, two questionnaires were administered: a figurine test for BI and a Likert-type scale for BS containing a body part statisfaction scale. Subjects were asked to report vital and curricular data, together with height and weight. Because of the wide use of their bodies, it was hypothesized that they were lesser biased than average Italians. They were subdivided into two groups A=Excellence, n=30, and B=League, n=17. This on the basis of the level of performance reached, after a thorough scrutiny of their curricula. Significant differences between the two subgroups emerged for curricular data, weight and body mass index. In both BI data are congruent with their complexion and, for BS, the degree of satisfaction with the various body parts was quite high. Comparisons carried out with data available in literature for Italians and with a cohort of speleologists, confirm the hypothesis that the wide use of the body for working or leisure purposes exerts a positive influence on BI and BS.
Key words: Body image, body satisfaction, rugby players.

Abstract

This article has investigated people’s attitudes towards major sports events, of which two were mega events while one was of a moderate size. Surprisingly, the latter event (the World Skiing Championship) was the one that received most support in hypothetical referendums. This indicates that it is not necessary to invest heavily in venues and upgrading infrastructure to offer citizens the ability to enjoy sports events. The majority of international championships can be hosted at costs that are significantly cheaper than for example the Olympics and similar mega events. This represents an opportunity for cities and nations to have it both ways; achieving the benefits and at discounted prices. The surveys showed that particularly the social dimension was an important part of the events for many respondents. A pattern that was independent of which kind of events and sports they preferred.